“chayotero”, “chairo”, “colaboracionista”, “ultra”, “zurdito”, “disociado” y por supuesto nunca puede faltar el popular “facho”. Estos son algunos de los adjetivos a los que te expones en cualquier espacio de discusión pública, pero con especial énfasis en las redes sociales, si intentas dar un punto de vista que se salga de la ortodoxia discursiva de diversos grupos en América Latina. En una región donde los ciudadanos son tan apasionados al momento de discutir, no es de extrañar que muchas veces se eleve el tono más allá de lo deseado; el problema es que recientemente estamos yendo mucho más lejos, la intolerancia con la opinión ajena parece ser la regla y descubrir puntos de acuerdo con quien profesa otras ideas, parece una traición a los principios propios.
Bajo la lupa inquisitorial de los fanáticos, nadie debe salirse de una línea preestablecida y que no acepta evidencias y datos que la contradigan. De esa manera, si has criticado la corrupción, el abuso de poder y el clientelismo del PRI en el último sexenio, no puedes atreverte a señalar aspectos que desde tu punto de vista son incongruencias por parte de algunos dirigentes de Morena, sin riesgo de que te tachen de traidor. Aún cuando apliques la misma lógica para señalar faltas en unos y otros políticos, seguirás siendo un Chayotero (periodista u opinado que cambia su línea editorial por dinero) o un Chairo (término peyorativo para referirse a la extrema izquierda), según la corriente que en determinado momento rechaza tus argumentos.
No es exclusivo de México semejante actuar, en Argentina se pueden leer más calificativos como “zurdo” o “ultra” que explicaciones racionales que defiendan una posición determinada. En Venezuela no sólo existe esa intransigencia entre Chavistas y opositores, sino que incluso dentro de ese último grupo apreciamos un encono entre quienes defienden caminos diferentes para el mismo fin, acabar con la dictadura venezolana; tildando al otro de “colaboracionista” o de “guerrero del teclado” según sea el caso, eso a pesar de que comparten un objetivo común.
La intención de homogeneizar las opiniones se está generalizando a lo largo de nuestro continente, la crispación política y social lleva a muchas personas a atacar con insultos a quienes no suscriban el 100% de sus ideas. Ya no se trata de agredir (física o verbalmente) a quién defiende ideas opuestas a la propia sino también a quien ha osado diferir en cualquiera de los puntos que se expone. Ésta intolerancia no sólo se aplica a temas partidistas, sino a asuntos tan diversos como el aborto, la sexualidad, el matrimonio, la religión, la migración y prácticamente todo lo que implique el espacio compartido. No parece haber ninguna intención de convencer o de dialogar, lo primordial es denunciar, ofender y humillar al contrario.
Es grave que se emitan opiniones con una certeza de infalibilidad, con la presunción de que todos los demás están equivocados a menos que compartan tu opinión. De esa forma se rechaza cualquier diálogo que pueda crear consensos sobre las normas para vivir en sociedad y se opta por la imposición de los puntos de vista personales incluso si se requiere la coacción y la violencia para ello, después de todo se cuenta con la razón. Como nos señala el profesor Pérez Estévez “el mayor obstáculo objetivo-subjetivo para poder entrar en un diálogo, es la conciencia de plenitud y de superioridad que una persona pueda tener con respecto a las demás con las que va a entablar un diálogo” (Pérez Estévez, 2009)
Mucho más grave es pensar que el otro no solo ésta equivocado, sino que la opinión contraria siempre está motivada por intereses ocultos, venta de principios, falta de moralidad o malas intenciones. Se asume que es imposible que una persona llegue a conclusiones diferentes, y de igual forma busque la construcción de una sociedad mejor. Esa lógica es típica de un pensamiento fanático y es el germen de todos los sistemas autoritarios y totalitarios. Ya no se tiene sólo la certeza de la razón, también se imputa maldad o falta de moralidad a quién contradice una línea de pensamiento.
Esa es la base para que los insultos, el bullying, y las amenazas sustituyan al intercambio de ideas. Cómo discutir racionalmente con quien sólo se mueve por interés propio y en detrimento del resto de la humanidad. No se debe tomar la molestia de revisar los argumentos de fondo, de contrastar los hechos, de verificar los datos; todo cuanto diga o escriba esa persona a quién se considera dañina o perversa es descargable de antemano.
Es imposible entablar una discusión de tú a tú, con quien no es un “tú” ni un “él” es más bien un “ello” carente de humanidad, maldad personificada. Esa es la mirada que se le da al adversario por parte de un grupo, si no mayoritario, si ruidoso y capaz de hacerse notar en el debate público, especialmente en las redes sociales donde en muchos casos el anonimato los protege de hacerse responsables de los mensajes que emiten.
Hace años Disney estrenó su película “Pocahontas”, a pesar de ser una película infantil, al adentrarse en la relación entre los nativos americanos y los conquistadores ingleses utilizan una frase que describe perfectamente el núcleo del odio contra otros seres humanos (racismo, xenofobia, antisemitismo) “no son como tu y yo”, esa es la premisa fundamental que necesita creer todo fanático para suprimir cualquier tipo de empatía por sus enemigos.
Es fundamental combatir los dogmatismos y practicar la tolerancia, la prueba más dura que nos pone la libertad de expresión es convivir con el discurso de quienes se cree están completamente equivocados. Cualquier persona que defienda la libertad debe superar esa prueba.
Politólogo
Daniel José Carvallo
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